Biases and Judgments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biases and Judgments - Research Paper Example Judgment is the best management tool since many ideas are put into perspective thus having a high probability of making a decisive decision. The purpose of this study is mainly to determine the effects of application of both judgment and biases to an organization. Studying the purposes gives the opinion on the best management tool. According to Grise and Gallupe (2000), the effectiveness of management is determined by way of decision making. It is an obvious assumption that judgment is a better way of decision making than biases. Biases are ill painted because it may be used to cover an individual interest at the expense of the organization. In this paper, the hypothesis applied is that biases lead to inequality in organizations. Managers who choose bias over judgment are likely to make mistakes. There are several types of judgment and biases; information, cognitive, risk and uncertainty biases. From the four examples above, all form part of the dependent variables apart from the inf ormation biases. Information biases are the primary cluster filters and influences that influence decisions. This is for the reason that, when selecting amongst decisions, judgment makers at most instances instinctively misrepresent information. This is recognized as interest bias, optimism, conclusion bias, significance bias and self interest thinking. Information bias can also alter how the search of information usually is undertaken. Paucity of appropriate information, the staff in an organization may fail to do the right but without their knowledge. This consequently provides room for certain individuals or groups to fulfill their self interest. During decision making certain information may be ignored or added to achieve a specific outcome. This can be done by a trait known as illusion control. The illusion control is where judgment makers overrate the degree to which the outcome of a verdict is on their hands, and their capability to correct or repair harms should they come up as a consequence of a verdict. Additionally, there is an overrating of the personal abilities of the judgment maker to make the verdict. This type of bias tends to benefit persons who have achieved success in decision making. Decision makers influenced by this bias have a tendency to center their attention on the sections of the decision they can manage and ignore the factors that display uncertainty (Irani and Love, 2001). They also overrate their own responsibilities in order to assure themselves in case any form doubt comes up. Risk biases include the third set of choices and influences that take action on the decision procedure. These biases mostly take action on decision options which are aimed at reducing risk all through the decision making process. The awareness of risk shape decision results because a high percentage of the information and cognitive biases used by judgment makers are as well used to lessen the risk. Predictable choice making theory proposes that, choice is a mixture of risk and likely gains. Judgment makers, who are risk reluctant, go with options that have less possible gains, slighter options of results with less risk. Decision creators who seek risks go with options that potentially offer higher interests, although with better variation in results the higher the risks. Mangers tend to take risk more frequently when they come up with the decision individually than group thinking is

What is Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is Philosophy - Term Paper Example This essay demonstrates that ontology argues with no apology for allowance of an overarching idea, a whole nature of things, which exist as independent of the mind. It answers its basic question of ‘what’ with a basic explanation of ‘what is’. Although the word ontology is a term used more fluently from the 17th-century tradition of thought, it can be traced back to Aristotle where he identifies that there is an ‘episteme’ that need only investigate being as being and nothing more. With the tractional loss caused by epistemological thought, ontology lends to metaphysics what it had lost; the objective science of being as such, as identified by Peter van Inwagen (Inwagen). Nonetheless, the grounds for epistemology are not dismissible. The arguments against structural universals and the dire need to accommodate empirical interference have come to have an overbearing reach into the crux of shaping existential truths. The fact of ‘relational’ truths, as David Lewis calls them, places a larger burden on the validity of truth as a philosopher might know it, an endeavor to achieve ‘improved’ truths. In a traditional sense, it is easy to relegate it to its tight premise whereby ‘justified true belief’ is the essence of knowledge of existence; it would not be quite fair to let it remain thus encapsulated. The emphasis places on experience and/or reason is not by any means a phenomenon to ignore. It is also necessary to see here, that experience and reason may well be being termed as objective truths by epistemologists, a fallacy in its own theorem. It is easily imaginable that while one must work with major presupposition in only in ontological realms whereas it is only natural that those who work on epistemological lines inculcate just as many basic assertions in their arguments on validation of it.

Memorandum Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Memorandum - Term Paper Example However, due to previous conflicts with her husband, based on domestic abuse, she had to face infliction by Cranston who was her neighbor in Youngsville, wherein Cranston was reported to have an illegitimate claim on the property. As a consequence, the continuous disruptive behavior of Cranston had severely impacted the psychological condition of Walsh causing her emotional distress. In relation to the provisions included under the Public Law, it can be stated that Walsh has a claim against Cranston due to his behavior of intentional infliction, which led her to suffer severe emotional depression. In this case, the continuous emotional distress intentionally caused by Cranston can also be treated as an offense, affecting psychological well-being of Walsh. BRIEF ANSWER TO THE CONCLUSION In relation to the case scenario, the conduct of intentional infliction by Cranston applying various means can be recognized to be guided by the purpose of forcing Walsh to leave the Youngsville commun ity and the property. The case records also reveal that the intentional behavior of Cranston was influenced due to the previous records of Walsh concerning the conflicts with her husband. ... The continuous intentional pressure imposed on Walsh by Cranston, to leave the residing place finally made Walsh to face severe psychological depression. Moreover, using PYR's "official" eviction notices can also be considered as the violation of public law by Cranston, which in turn also calls for an investigation to the justness of his claims as per the relevant statutes of property law. Further investigations of the justness of corporate claims brought by Cranston using the official eviction letter from PYR, it can be justified whether the claimant can force any individual to leave any residing place. In this context, Cranston should procure adequate evidence regarding the illegal residing process of Walsh in that particular community. Additionally, Cranston must need to bear adequate formalities, if he desires to prosecute any legal case against Walsh. In this regard, Walsh can also raise major legal actions against Cranston due to his continuous conduct of intentional infliction practices in order to force her to leave Youngsville. Subsequently, she can adopt adequate legal measures on the grounds of intentional infliction conducted by Cranston, causing her psychological depression and nervous wreck. STATEMENT OF FACTS With regard to the background of the case, the major purpose of Cranston was to form Youngsville community, primarily with retired persons. In order to accomplish the goal of establishing Youngsville community for the retired persons, Cranston has been identified to send â€Å"eviction notice† to the families having minor children, who were residing within the particular community. However, it has been

Presentation of the Figure of the Slave in the Romance Era Essay

Presentation of the Figure of the Slave in the Romance Era - Essay Example Through his ability to quote John Milton and the Bible, important secular and religious books, he surprised the public with its high literary quality and caused many to seriously question what they'd been told. Approximately ten years after Equiano's work was published, Robert Southeby wrote his poem "The Sailor Who Had Served in the Slave Trade." The poem captures the essence of a lost soul dealing with the guilt of his past treatment of slaves, for his failure to recognize them as humans and also God's chosen creatures. By exposing the progression of the lost sailor's great sin, Southeby provides a glimpse into the general attitudes of the British people, showing a strong shift in understanding from the past to Southeby's present. Both works make use of contrasts to combat common beliefs that Africans were a separate species more like animals by showing them instead to have equal or greater intellectual capacity, to have a civilized frame of mind, and to be included within the Chri stian framework of existence. Evidence of Intellectual Capacity Just the idea that he was able to write his own story, without requiring someone else to transcribe what he said, made Equaino different from many other former slaves whose stories have been immortalized. While all surviving stories of slave experiences are considered valuable: "Their literacy, accompanied with their position as former slaves, provides their narratives with an added sense of authenticity and authority on the subject of the slave trade" (Gunn, 2007: 6), Equiano's was different. He did it with such a high degree of skill that the British, expecting to find a relatively amateur accounting, instead found themselves fully engaged in a thrilling story of adventure... Taken together, Equiano and Southeby provide a clear way to look at the prevailing attitudes and beliefs about slaves at that time. They do this by exploring concepts of individual intellectual pursuit, culture and society, and their characters' position within the framework of the Christian church. Equiano proved he was an intelligent individual, capable of expressing himself to the most educated of English society with skill and persuasively, when he wrote his book. He brought into question whether Africans could be trained to be on a par with white people intellectually speaking, which further questioned whether Africans were truly an inferior, more animal species. Although Southeby's sailor hadn't thought it strange that slaves were flogged to death on a regular basis on the slave ships and had to be forced to touch the slaves in order to make them eat before, he changes his mind after the murder. He is a creature of feelings and emotions, acting on base elements of dominance as he follows through on his captain's orders. Similarly, Equiano shows his society back in Africa to be highly organized and quite civilized, including a rich strand of the arts interwoven into daily life, as compared to the brutality and force depicted in Southeby's world.

MANAGING PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

MANAGING PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE - Essay Example 59). This, therefore, means that 70% of the BPR initiatives do not see the light after the fifth year of implementation. Several scholars have defined this strategy as a model of radical redesign of business processes sand organisational change that is primarily based on recognising and discarding current business operations and starting afresh again (Hammer, & Champy, 2009, p. 36). Business process reengineering is an important aspect especially in the ever-changing business environment. It helps an organisation to keep track of changes in its environment of operation (Hammer, & Champy, 2009, p. 33). Most organisations that have pursued this course are considered innovative since BPR efforts are geared towards change. This strategy has led to the emergence of Business Process Management model that has changed the way organisations are managed (DeToro, and McCabe 1997, p. 56). BPR is a good strategy for organizations that evaluates their productivity by closely looking at the business processes and thinking about the best way to streamline them for the better performance. This strategy consists of many drivers that are utilised during implementation. According to Zairi (1997, p. 76) the drivers include globalisation, advancing technology, stakeholders’ actions, organisational boundary erosion, and regulation. Some scholars who have provided useful insights into this strategy have argued that BPR lacks the relevant coherent theoretical framework that provides more insight on implementation. Today global competition brought change in the management styles of many organisations. It is one of the tools used in competition in the business environment. BPR creates one important advantage i.e. improving the measures of performance such as costs, service, customer satisfaction, speed, and productivity (Zairi, 1997, p. 78). This brings a major change internally and

Report on recruitment and selection processes Assignment - 3

Report on recruitment and selection processes - Assignment Example ort involves a comparison of the two versions of the selection and recruitment policies included in the 2000 policy guidelines and the 2010 policy guidelines of the company. The report is suitably concluded by providing recommendations regarding the changes which may be necessary for improving the overall process of the recruitment and selection policies of Healthcare United. It can be identified from the comparison that there are significant ways in which the 2010 policies can be improved. The main recommendations given are that the time related to all the procedures must be made more flexible, the involved personnel should be made task oriented, documentation process should be made short and simple and support and training should be more task related. Healthcare United operates in the domain of healthcare and is one of the leading healthcare providers in Australia. Healthcare United is an advanced organization in terms of strategic planning and human resource management. The company has always tries to employ the best possible human resources available in the domain of healthcare. The company is an equal opportunity and unbiased employer which has helped to maintain a sustainable and ethical image over the years of its operation. The company employs 1500 healthcare professionals who work in two sites of the company. One of the sites of Healthcare United is located in Victoria and the other is located in NSW. The company has recently drafted a new strategic plan that it aims to implement while opening up another office in a new location. The selected location is Hobart in Australia itself. In this situation, it is significant for the company to compare the effectiveness of the new guidelines with that of the old guidelines. With m ore than 1500 employees working in different sites of the company and with the company planning to open up a new office in another area, it has become of imminent importance to create well-defined and functional recruitment and selection

A Research Proposal on the Role of the Chief Executive Officer Essay Example for Free

A Research Proposal on the Role of the Chief Executive Officer Essay Questions One of the major problems in business is the notion of whether companies should be concerned with other issues than profitability. Adam Smith in 1863 claimed that the process of achieving the overall good for the society is something that will happen inevitably happen because of his idea of the invisible hand of the market. However, more contemporary ideas assert otherwise as they believed that there are a number of conditions that would hinder the invisible hand to work effectively (Mohr and Webb, 2002). The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is deeply rooted on the commitment of organizations to continue their business in an ethical manner. It is in this respect that organizations are said to necessarily contribute to the overall economic development of ones country while at the same time improving the quality of life of not only its employees and its families but also the society where it belonged (Watts and Holme, 1999). One of the central concerns with regard to the necessity of the implementation of CSR by a particular organization is the impact of a particular company’s decisions and actions within the society together with their responsibility in the aforementioned. As such this means that when aligning certain organizational goals or projects, it would be better if organizations will evaluate first their actions and make sure that they are in accordance to the welfare of the greater good (Parsons, 1954). As such, the impact of an organizations decision within the society is very vital in CSR. It should be emphasized as well that an organizations duty should span more than the economic and legal aspects but also assume the good of the majority. Archie Carroll said that an organizations social responsibility is something that includes the interplay of four important factors. These are economic performance, adherence with the law, ethical responsibility, good corporate citizenship, and improving the societys quality of life (Carrol and Buchholtz, 2003). However despite companies claim for CSR implementation, a significant number of evidence tells that every year, there are numerous companies that are charged for violating environmental laws (Kassinis and Panayiotou, 2006, p. 68). Problems The success of a company’s CSR and the its effect on the company’s image has been viewed by a number of studies to be directly correlated on the role of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (PR News, 2007). It has been said by Kassinis and Panayiotou (2006) that the role of the CEO is very vital since they are the ones who are primarily responsible for the boards decision-management functions and the even the extent of corporate wrongdoing. The interpretation of the CEO in terms of various environmental issues that could have affect their firms and its choice of environmental strategies have also a significant implication on the overall image and performance of a particular company. Studies such as those conducted by PR News Wire in 2008 claimed that to belong to Fortune’s Worlds Most Admired Companies, the CEOs role together with his or her capacity to create a strategy or hire specific experts who can effectively handle CSR concerns, such as hiring a competitive Chief Communications Officer (CCO,) is very vital. Companies which belong to Fortunes annual awards are often evaluated based on their reputation. According to PR News in 2007, it is often the case that CEOs are the ones who are held accountable in terms of the failure to protect the company image in whenever a crisis arises. The study of PR News revealed that in out of 950 global business executives in 11 countries, 68% of the results attributed unethical behavior to the CEO, and 60% cited environmental violations and product recalls to the CEO as well. The influence of the perceptions of various stakeholders, regulators, communities and employees has been viewed by Kassinis and Panayiotou (2006) as critical to the welfare of the firm as they are centrally involved in enforcing the laws and other policies that companies must adhere to. Figure 1: Relationship Between CSR and Stakeholders Source: Tokoro (2007) The figure above shows the direct relationship of stakeholders to CSR in terms of the restrictions that they impose, the resource deals that they pass and the overall value creation of the organization. Gap in Research Even if the claim on the role of CEOs in terms of dealing with issues of CSR and company reputation, other studies suggests that CSR strategies and policies are instead delegated to the shareholders (Kassinis and Panayiotou, 2006, p. 67). It is often the case that the demands of the shareholders are oftentimes in conflict with the interest of customers, suppliers, governments, unions, competitors, local communities, and the general public (Sims, 2003, p. 40). The table below shows an overview of perceptions of Table 1: Stakeholders View of Corporate Responsibility Stakeholders Nature of Stakeholder Claim Shareholders Participation in distribution of profits, additional stock offerings, assets on liquidation; vote of stock; inspection of company books; transfer of stock; election of board of directors; and such additional rights as have been established in the contract with the corporation. Employees Economic, social, and psychological satisfaction in the place of employment. Freedom from arbitrary and capricious behavior on the part of company officials. Share in fringe benefits, freedom to join union and participate in collective bargaining, individual freedom in offering up their services through an employment contract. Adequate working conditions. Customers Service provided with the product; technical data to use the product; suitable warranties; spare parts to support the product during use; RD leading to product improvement; facilitation of credit. Creditors Legal proportion of interest payments due and return of principal from the investment. Security of pledged assets; relative priority in event of liquidation. Management and owner prerogatives if certain conditions exist with the company (such as default of interest payments). Suppliers Continuing source of business; timely consummation of trade credit obligations; professional relationship in contracting for, purchasing, and receiving goods and services. Unions Recognition as the negotiating agent for employees. Opportunity to perpetuate the union as a participant in the business organization. Competitors Observation of the norms of competitive conduct established by society and the industry. Business statesmanship on the part of peers. Governments Taxes (income, property, and so on); adherence to the letter and intent of public policy dealing with the requirements of fair and free competition; discharge of legal obligations of businesspeople (and business organizations); adherence to antitrust laws. Local communities Place of productive and healthful environment in the community. Participation of company officials in community affairs, provision of regular employment, fair play, reasonable portion of purchases made in the local community, interest in and support of local government, support of cultural and charitable projects. The general public Participation in and contribution to society as a whole; creative communications between governmental and business units designed for reciprocal understanding; assumption of fair proportion of the burden of government and society. Fair price for products and advancement of the state-of-the-art technology that the product line involves. Source: Sims, 2003, p. 41 For instance, consumers expect that the company should be able to carry out their business in a responsible manner; on the other hand, stakeholders expect that their investments would be returned. In other instances, customers are looking forward a return on what they paid for, while suppliers look for dependable buyers. The government wanted companies to follow legislations, while unions seek benefits for their members. The competitors, expected companies to do their business in a fair manner and local communities wanted the aforementioned to be responsible citizens. Finally, the general public expects organizations to improve the over all quality of human life, while shareholders might view this proposition as utopian (Sims, 2003). The figure below shows the dynamics of stakeholder interactions. Figure 2: Value Creation Through Dialogue with Stakeholders Source: Tokoro (2007) As such, it is in this respect that it could be said that CEOs and a particular company’s responsiveness to the demands of CSR and eventually creating a strong image is something could not be the sole determining factor for a successful CSR. Instead, the question of whether CEOs are only implementing the demands of the company’s stakeholders, or the CEOs only attending to consumer, suppliers, government, community and general public demand should also be taken into close consideration. Deficiency As most researches often attribute the success or failure of a CSR strategy to the CEO, the role and influence of other stakeholders in the organization are not often viewed as significant variables worthy of consideration. Only most recent researches are significantly attributing stakeholder roles in terms of its relationship to CSR. Albeit, based from the researcher’s survey of various secondary data, there are hardly any robust literatures stating the influence of stakeholders to the CEO and eventually the latter’s decision on how to implement its CSR program. Purpose The study is vital in order to not only contribute to the existing studies on the role of CEOs and a successful CSR program; but also to further strengthen the claim on the relationship of CSR and a favorable company image. More importantly, subtle factors that might have influenced CEO decisions, strategies and policies such as those coming from company stakeholders will be taken into close consideration and in addition, will be taken as important variables for the research. Although studies on the direct relationship of company stakeholders and CSR and presented by various researches, the role of the stakeholders in terms of influencing the CEO in its CSR decisions are seldom taken into consideration. As such it is with this respect that the research seeks to significantly contribute to the scholarly studies devoted in order to analyze such dynamics. Research Questions Main Question For the purpose of this research, the study wanted to know: What is the role of the CEO in terms of promoting the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs of their organization and its relation to building a favorable image? Subquestions Specifically, the research wanted to know: 1. What is the relationship between a successful CSR program and the role of the CEO? 2. What is the relationship between a successful CSR program and a favorable brand image? 3. What is the role of the following in terms of influencing the CSR strategies of a particular organization: a. Shareholders b. Consumers c. Suppliers d. General Public 4. How did company shareholders, consumers, suppliers and the general public influence the strategy of the CEO in terms of implementing its CSR program? Methodology Research Tradition For the purpose of this research, the study will be employing both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Â  It is often the case that quantitative research employs the method that is based on testing of theories. It uses measurement of numbers, and statistical analysis to perform its studies. The idea behind quantitative research is often to ascertain that a generalized theory or the prediction of a theory will be confirmed by the use of numbers. The aforementioned normally starts with a research question or a hypothesis in addition to other theories that are needed to be tested. The approach of quantitative research includes the use of formal and generally recognized instruments (O’brien 1998). In addition to this, the quantitative tradition of research focuses on conducting experiments with an underlying expectation that a consensus would be arrived at. This method usually aims to arrive at a predictable generalization, and a causal explanation. Quantitative research can create a controlled environment in order to attain inductive analysis. The goal of this research tradition is to establish a consensus by reducing data to numerical indications, hence finally identifying if certain generalizations are valid or invalid (O’brien 1998). In this research method it is very relevant that the researcher must maintain its independence from the research object; and consequently, the research outcome is expected to be not value affected (O’brien 1998). The quantitative methodology also tests cause and effect by using deductive logic. When done correctly a quantitative research should be able to predict, and explain the theory in question (O’brien 1998). On the other hand, the Qualitative research focuses primarily on words rather than numbers. The main research instrument for such a type of tradition is the process of involvement of the researcher to the people whom he or she studies (Dyamon and Holloway, 2002). In relation with this, the viewpoints of the participants are also taken into much account. The Qualitative research tradition focuses on small-scale studies wherein deep explorations are being conducted in order to provide a detailed and holistic description and explanation of a specific subject matter. Rather than focusing on a single or two isolated variables, the aforementioned takes into account interconnected activities, experiences, beliefs and values of people, hence adopting a multiple dimension for study. This tradition of research is also flexible in a sense that certain factors are being explored due to not necessarily adhering to a strict method of data gathering. It also captures certain processes wherein changes in sequence of events, behaviors and transformation among cultures are closely taken into consideration. More importantly, a qualitative research is normally carried out in venues that are within a respondents natural environment such as schools, offices, homes, etc. This allowed participants to be more at ease and be able to express their ideas freely (Dyamon and Holloway, 2002). Data Gathering The data gathering will consist of secondary and primary data collections. Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund (1995) emphasized the importance of secondary data collection most especially through desk or library research. Secondary data collection normally includes data that were collected by another researcher or writer. It is often the case that they are lifted from books of recent publications, journals, magazines, newspapers and even trusted websites such as those of private organizations, non-government organizations, government organizations and the likes. The review of related literature will provide a scholarly perspective on the subject matter and at the same time made the researcher aware of both previous and contemporary research on the subject matter. For the purpose of this research, the author will be using scholarly journals and articles, books and magazines specifically focusing on the oil and gas industry; and freight industry in the Middle East, most specifically Turkey. The scholarly literatures will be primarily taken from EBSCO Host, JSTOR and Questia Media America, an exclusive on-line library. For the primary data collection for quantitative data, the study will be conducting surveys among consumers, suppliers and general public using questions of ordinal measurement using Likert scales for General Electric. Surveys include the process of using questionnaires with the aim of making an estimation of the perceptions of the subjects of the study. Surveys are considered advantageous because it could be used to study a huge number of subjects (Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund, 1995). On the other hand, interviews will be conducted among selected GE shareholders regarding their perception on the role of the CEO and implementation of the company’s CSR. Data Gathering Methods and their Justification For the purpose of this research, the researcher will be using self-administered questionnaires. Self-administered questionnaires often times offer a higher response rate and are also relatively cost effective (Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund, 1995). Foremost of its advantage rests on the notion that the process of data gathering could be more personal and also the researcher will be able to clarify certain notions that could be unclear in the survey form. However, one distinct disadvantage of such a method is the difficulty of administrating the survey to multiple respondents all at the same time. In addition, the self-administered data gathering could be very time consuming as well. The research will also be conducting an interview in order to collect the qualitative data necessary for the research. Interviews are very relevant most specially in getting data that could be a rich source of information that surveys could not provide (Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund, 1995). For the purpose of interviewing, various stakeholders from General Electric Corporation will be asked with regard to their perceptions of how GE should be employing its CSR, and their perceptions on the role of the CEO in terms of effectively implementing its CSR and the company’s image. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire design for the survey will be made in a detailed, precise and logical construction of close-ended questions. In addition with this, the questions will also be made in accordance with the research question and the objectives of the research (Oppenheim, 1992). The questions will be formulated using an ordinal scale and will be close-ended in nature. Such is relevant so that respondents would only have to encircle or check the designated number of their corresponding responses (Oppenhein, 1992). In addition to this, close-ended questions are very easy to answer and could enable the researcher create a summated value that could be use for data analysis. The questions that will be used in the interview will be tailored in such a manner that would directly answer concerns that are in accordance of the objectives of the study. The questions for the shareholders will be specifically created in a manner where there will be an open flow of information and exchange of ideas. The details on how consumers, suppliers and general public wanted the company to act together with its policies and possible ethical practices will be included in the survey. In this respect, questions will be formulated with a closed-ended nature. Sampling For the purpose of this research, the researcher will conduct a survey based on simple random sampling (SRS) which will include randomly choosing participants coming from consumers, suppliers and general public. On the other hand, the research will be employing purposive sampling methods in terms of choosing the stakeholders of General Electric who can participate in the study. Target Population According to Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund (1995) research should cater to a target population that has all the necessary information for the research such as sampling elements, sampling units, and area of coverage. For the purpose of this study, the author is trying to identify the role of consumers, suppliers and the general public. As such, the study will be asking 120 respondents to participate in the survey of which will primarily come from consumers and suppliers of General Electric as well as the general public who are concerned with General Electric and its operations. Reliability and Validity The studys reliability and validity go hand in hand as patterns of measurement are both dependent on the aforementioned (Zikmund, 1994). Reliability primarily focuses on the internal consistency and the repeatability of the variables within the research. On the other hand, validity centers on the correctness and appropriateness of the question that one intends to measure (Ghauri, Gronhaug and Kristianslund, 1995). According to Chisnall (1997), validity is generally considered and established through the relationship of the instrument to the content, criterion or construct that it attempts to measure. A lack of validity can lead to incorrect conclusion. In order to make sure that the instrument that will be used are reliable and valid, the researcher will assure that such is patterned based on the objectives of the study, the secondary data and also on the feedback that was given based on the pilot study that will be conducted. Analysis of Data Data information gathered from the surveys and interviews and secondary data from the other studies found will be used for the analysis that would answer the research question. Charts and comparisons of data will be used as analysis tools. Statistics used will be based on the survey results from the questionnaire made by the researcher. Statistical Products and Service Solutions (SPSS) will also be used to determine the stand of the respondents regarding a particular question formulated in the survey (Griego and Morgan, 2000, p. 2). References Carroll A. and Buchholtz A.K., (2003). Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, 5th ed. Mason, O.: South-Western. Chisnall P. M., (1997). Marketing Research, 5ed., Berkshire: McGraw-Hill. Woodruff H. (1995), Services Marketing. London: Pitman Publishing Daymon C. and Holloway I., (2002). Qualitative Research Methods in Public Relations and Marketing Communications. London: Routledge. Ghauri, P., Gronhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I., (1995). Research Methods In Business Studies: A Practical Guide. Great Britain: Prentice Hall. Griego O. and Morgan G. (2000). SPSS for Windows: An Introduction to Use and Interpretation in Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kassinis G. and Panayiotou, A. (2006). Perceptions Matter: CEO Perceptions and Firm Environmental Performance. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, (23), p. 67. Mohr L.A. and Webb D. J., (2001). Do Consumers Expect Companies to Be Socially Responsible? the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Buying Behavior. Journal of Consumer Affairs. (35) (1). OBrien, Gerard J. (1998) The Role of Implementation in Connectionist Explanation, Psychology, (9) 6, p.3. Oppenhein, A. N, (1992). Questionnaire Design Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. London: Pinter. Parsons, Talcott (1954). Essays in Sociological Theory. Revised Edition. New York: Free Press. PR News Wire (2008). Corporate Communications Officers in Worlds Most Admired Companies Have Longer Tenures, Fewer Rivals and Report to the CEO; New Study Underscores Critical and Evolving Role of the CCO -; Forecasts CCOs Shifting Focus To Reputation, Social Responsibility and Social Media in 2008. Accessed in the PR News Wire Database. PR News (2007). Quick Study: CEOs Bear Responsibility; Customer Relations Is Dysfunctional; Social Media Invades. PR News. Potomac, (63), 9, p. 1 PR News. (2006). Changing Face Of CSR: New Trends Redefine Doing Well By Doing Good. PR News. Potomac, (62) 42, p. 1 Sims, R., (2003). Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: Why Giants Fall. Westport, CT: Praeger. Tokoro N (2007). Stakeholders and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A New Perspective on the Structure of Relationships. Asian Business Management, 6 (2), pp.143-162. Watts P. and Holme R. (1999). Meeting Changing Expectations: Corporate Social Responsibility Available: http://www.wbcsd.org/publications/csrpub.htm [accessed 5June 2008]. Zikmund, G. W. (1994). Exploring Marketing Research. Dryden.